Ikhithi Yokuhlola Ye-Inorganic kanye Nezinye

I-electrolyte ye-biochemical ikakhulukazi ibhekisela ku-calcium, i-magnesium, i-phosphorus nokunye ukutholwa.I-calcium engaphezu kuka-99% emzimbeni itholakala emathanjeni nasemazinyweni.I-calcium idonswa ngenkuthalo ku-duodenum futhi ikhishwe ngamathumbu nezinso.I-calcium evamile yegazi ishintshashintsha kancane kakhulu futhi ihlale isezingeni elivamile.Izimbangela ezivamile ze-hypocalcemia yilezi: ① hypoalbuminemia;② Ukwehluleka kwezinso okungapheli;③ i-hypothyroidism, ukukhiqizwa kwehomoni ye-parathyroid eyanele;④ Ukuntuleka kwe-Vitamin D;⑤ I-Electrolyte metabolism disorder eyinkimbinkimbi ne-hyperphosphatemia;Inani elikhulu le-input citrate anticoagulation, njll. I-Hypercalcemia iwuphawu lwezimbangela eziningi, njengokusebenzisa i-thiazide, ukudakwa kukavithamini D, i-hyperthyroidism eyinhloko, njll. I-Hypercalcemia ayivamile emtholampilo futhi iziguli eziningi azinazo izimpawu zesici.Ukutholwa komtholampilo kwe-calcium yegazi kuyasiza ukuqonda indlela ye-pathological ye-metabolism yamathambo kanye nezifo ezihlobene, futhi kunikeze isisekelo esithembekile sokuxilongwa nokwelashwa komtholampilo.

I-Magnesium itholakala kakhulu kumaseli futhi ivuselela ama-enzyme amaningi.Iyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakheka kwe-DNA, i-RNA kanye ne-ribosome macromolecules kanye nesici esibalulekile sokugcina ukusebenza kwemizwa evamile.Ukuntuleka kwe-magnesium emitholampilo kuvame kakhulu, ukuhlanza, ukuwohloka kwamathumbu emathunjini, isifo sohudo esinamandla, i-enteritis yendawo kanye ne-ulcerative colitis kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-magnesium;Ukwanda kokuphuma kwezinso kuyimbangela evamile yokuntuleka kwe-magnesium, njengesifo sezinso, isifo sikashukela, i-hypercalcemia, i-metabolic acidosis, kanye nokuntuleka kwe-phosphate.I-Hypermagnesemia ayivamile, i-oliguria ye-renal insufficiency, i-hypothyroidism ingenzeka i-hypermagnesemia.Ukutholwa komtholampilo kwe-magnesium kungasiza ukuqonda indlela ye-pathological ye-metabolism yamathambo kanye nezifo ezihlobene, futhi kunikeze isisekelo esithembekile sokuxilongwa nokwelashwa komtholampilo.

I-Phosphorus iyisakhi esibalulekile somzimba, futhi i-phosphorus ku-plasma ngokuvamile ibhekisela ekuhlanganiseni kwe-phosphorus ye-inorganic.Ukwanda kwe-phosphorus ye-inorganic kwakuvamile ku-① hypoparathyroidism;② Ukwehluleka kwezinso noma ukwehluleka, i-uremia noma i-nephritis sekwephuzile, ukuphazamiseka kokuphuma kwe-phosphate kwenza ukugcinwa kwe-serum phosphorus;③ Ivithamini D eningi, ikhuthaza ukumuncwa kwe-calcium ne-phosphorus emathunjini, i-serum calcium ne-phosphorus yanda;④ I-myeloma eminingi, i-osteoporosis, i-bone metastases, isigaba sokuphulukisa ukuphuka;Ukuncipha kwe-phosphorus ye-inorganic kuvamile ku-① hyperparathyroidism;② ama-rickets noma ama-rickets ahambisana ne-hyperplasia yesibili ye-parathyroid;③ Isifo se-renal tubule;④ Esifweni se-CELiac, kunamafutha amaningi emathunjini, avimbela ukumuncwa kwe-phosphorus.

Inani le-carbon dioxide (CO2) kusampula ye-serum yomuntu noma i-plasma.I-Carbon dioxide iyinani eliphelele layo yonke i-CO2 ku-plasma ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, iningi lazo (95%) lisesimweni sokubopha i-hCO3.Okuqukethwe kwe-CO2 egazini kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-acid-base emzimbeni womuntu.Ushintsho lwayo lukhombisa ngokuyinhloko ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic acid-base balance disorder.

Ukunqunywa kwe-serum amylase kanye ne-amylase yomchamo kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokuxilonga izifo ze-pancreatic.Lapho uhlushwa yizifo ze-pancreatic, noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-pancreatic exocrine kungabangela ukwanda noma ukuncipha komsebenzi wawo, okuwusizo ekuhlonzweni kwezifo ze-pancreatic.Amazinga e-amylase yomchamo ashintshashintsha kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungcono ukusebenzisa ukutholwa kwe-serum amylase, noma kokubili ukuzimisela.Izinguquko emsebenzini we-amylase zingabonakala kwezinye izifo ezingezona i-pancreatic, ngakho-ke ukunqunywa kwe-amylase isoenzymes uma kunesidingo kubalulekile ekuxilongweni okuhlukile.Okuvame ukubonakala ku-pancreatitis ebukhali, i-acute pancreatitis ingenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuxilonga.